医者 | Medical doctor – normal version |
医師 | Medical doctor – formal version. Used in newspapers and documents. You wouldn’t say “I just got hit by a scooter! Call the 医師!” |
先生 | Teacher, but also any upper-class smart professional:doctor, lawyer, philosopher, etc. |
教師 | A more formal word for teacher (and, unlike 先生, this ONLY refers to teachers). |